See Montgomery, Paul L.. “I. T. T. OFFICE HERE DAMAGED BY BOMB.” The New York Times, 29 Sept. 1973. Link.

The term comes from Stafford Beer's 1971 article arguing that computers can help redesign existing but highly ineffective "Liberty Machines" (e.g. state and international institutions). See Beer, Stafford. "The liberty machine." Futures 3.4 (1971): 338-348, available here.

George H.W. Bush wrote a memo of that encounter. See his cable: United States, Department of State. "Telegram From the Department of State to the Deputy Secretary of State (Irwin) in Paris." Washington, December 4, 1972. Link.

A most curious anecdote of Allende delivering a speech about the revolution while munching on a plate of oysters is recounted on p. 96 of Julio Donoso's book. See Donoso, Julio. The Why of Things. United Kingdom, Athena Press, 2006, p. 96.

Allende related this story to his political advisor Joan Garces, his secretary Patricia Espejo, and his cardiologist Oscar Soto (who was with Allende in New York).

The full video of Allende's address (in Spanish) can be seen here. Excerpts in much better quality are also available on the UN's website.

The shoes anecdote is mentioned in a book-length interview with Felix Huerta who was close to Allende. See Huerta Corvalán, Félix, and Chávez, Jaime. El trabajo es vivir: conversaciones de Félix Huerta con Jaime Chávez. Chile, Ediciones Rubén Darío, 2011, p. 140-141. Available here.

Allende's elegance was not lost on a New York Times reporter, whose front-page article about the speech noted that "with his slightly graying hair and trimmed mustache, his impeccably tailored bluegray suit and white shirt, Dr. Allende looked more like an international banker than a Marxist leader." See Alden, Robert. "Mr. Allende Follows Outline of Speech." The New York Times, 5 Dec. 1972. Available here.

The changes triggered by that occupation are discussed in Bernedo P., Patricio. A 50 años de la reforma universitaria en la UC: Seminario 1967- 2017. Chile, Ediciones UC, 2018. See also Cox, Cristián, et al. La reforma en la Universidad Católica de Chile. Chile, Eds. Sur. Available for download here.

This article from an official Cuban source even contains a photo of an envelope of a letter sent from I.T.T.'s local subsidiary in Cuba to Fidel Castro in 1951. See Aguilera Vega, Abel. "Fidel Castro: El abogado de las causas justas (Parte II)", available here. Philip Bonsal, US ambassador to Cuba in the late 1950s, tells his side of the story of how ITT's property was nationalized on pp. 46-48 of his book. See Bonsal, Philip W.. Cuba, Castro, and the United States. United States, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1971, pp. 46-48. The notorious golden telephone that appears in the Godfather movie was reportedly a gift to Batista in recognition of his favors; today it's on display in a Cuban museum.

A useful introduction to MAPU is Moyano Barahona, Cristina. MAPU o la seducción del poder y la juventud: los años fundacionales del partido-mito de nuestra transición (1969-1973). Chile, Ediciones Universidad Alberto Hurtado, 2009.

See our interviews with Sebastián Hurtado-Torres and Peter Kornbluh. A good account of the election is to be found in Chapter 1 of Sebastián Hurtado-Torres' book: Hurtado-Torres, Sebastián. The Gathering Storm: Eduardo Frei's Revolution in Liberty and Chile's Cold War. United Kingdom, Cornell University Press, 2020.

This argument is made in Stone, Nathan. "Prevention or Provocation? How U.S. Support for Christian Democrats Radicalized Chile’s MIR, 1964–1970." The Latin Americanist, vol. 65, no. 1, Wiley-Blackwell, Jan. 2021, pp. 142–68. Available here.

See the Church Report for an overview of the US involvement in that election: United States, Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations. "Covert Action in Chile, 1963-1973." U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975. Available here. Good biographical sketches of McCone are to be found in two books about Bechtel; see Denton, Sally. The Profiteers: Bechtel and the Men Who Built the World. United Kingdom, Simon & Schuster, 2017. and McCartney, Laton. Friends In High Places: The Bechtel Story. United States, Random House Publishing Group, 1989.

See Power, Margaret. Right-Wing Women in Chile: Feminine Power and the Struggle Against Allende, 1964-1973. Pennsylvania State University Press, 2010, pp. 83-84.

See Álvarez Vergara, Marco. La constituyente revolucionaria: historia de la fundación del MIR chileno. Chile, LOM Ediciones, 2015, and Palieraki, Eugenia. ¡La revolución ya viene! el MIR chileno en los años sesenta. Chile, LOM Ediciones, 2014.

A good overview of MIR's views of Unidad Popular from someone directly involved in the party can be found in a short book by Allende's nephew. See Pascal Allende, Andres. El MIR chileno: una experiencia revolucionaria : a los 36 años del surgimiento del MIR. Argentina, Cucaña Ediciones, 2003.

See research study: United States, Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research. "Chile: The Leftist Revolutionary Movement." December 7, 1970. It's available here.

"Revolutionary technocracy" is a useful description of MAPU that appears in Valenzuela, Esteban. Dios, Marx... y el MAPU. Chile, LOM Ediciones, 2014.

The joke - ostensibly made by Fidel Castro - seemed plausible enough to merit inclusion in a CIA memo. See United States, Central Intelligence Agency, Directorate of Operations. "Chilean Crisis." September 29, 1970. Available here.

The best account of Beatriz Allende's life is found in Harmer, Tanya. Beatriz Allende: A Revolutionary Life in Cold War Latin America. United States, University of North Carolina Press, 2020. See also Álvarez Vergara, Marco. Tati Allende: una revolucionaria olvidada. Chile, Pehuén Editores, 2017.

The heart attack is mentioned in various sources. See Harmer, Tanya. Beatriz Allende: A Revolutionary Life in Cold War Latin America. United States, University of North Carolina Press, 2020, p. 154. See also United States, Central Intelligence Agency. "Memorandum From Director of Central Intelligence Helms to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger)." June 16, 1970. Available here.

The bomb is mentioned in "Allende, candidato en campaña." APSI, Sept. 3, 1987, pp. 27-28. Available here.

See the memoirs of Allende's secretary: Puccio, Osvaldo. Un cuarto de siglo con Allende: recuerdos de su secretario privado, Osvaldo Puccio. Chile, Editorial Emisión, 1985, p. 213.

See Un cuarto de siglo con Allende: recuerdos de su secretario privado, Osvaldo Puccio, p. 212.

On the role that MIR's played in the formation of Allende's bodyguards known as GAP, see Quiroga Zamora, Patricio. Compañeros: el GAP : la escolta de Allende. Chile, Aguilar, 2001.

A good inside view of what the CIA was up to in the 1970 election can be found in a memo written by one of its senior officials. See United States, Central Intelligence Agency, Directorate of Operations. "Memorandum by the Acting Chief of the Western Hemisphere Division." Washington, August 23, 1970. Available here. A reference to even earlier strategizing can be found in United States, State Department. "Memorandum for the Record. Discussion of U.S. Government Activities Leading Up to the Chilean Election in September 1970." Washington, January 19, 1970. Available here.

See the Church Report: United States, Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations. "Covert Action in Chile, 1963-1973." U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975, p. 22. Link.

Ruiz-Tagle, Diana Veneros. Salvador Allende: Anatomy of a Leadership. Brandeis University, 1998, PhD dissertation, p. 132. Available here.

See Un cuarto de siglo con Allende: recuerdos de su secretario privado, Osvaldo Puccio, pp 64-68.

See Un cuarto de siglo con Allende: recuerdos de su secretario privado, Osvaldo Puccio, pp 143-144.

See our interview with Oscar Guillermo Garreton, one of MAPU's most senior members who was directly involved in drafting and implementing some of UP's early economic initiatives. Our interview with Joan Garces would be of interest. An informative table on the US firms targetted by the UP government is to be found in United States, Congress, House Foreign Affairs Committee. "United States and Chile During the Allende Years, 1970-1973." Washington, 1975, p. 71. Link. 

Multinational Corporations and United States Foreign Policy: On the International Telephone and Telegraph Company and Chile, 1970-71, part 2, p. 734. United States, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973. Available here.

Multinational Corporations and United States Foreign Policy: On the International Telephone and Telegraph Company and Chile, 1970-71, part 2, p. 570. United States, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973. Available here.

See the English translation of UP's integral telecommunications plan: Multinational Corporations and United States Foreign Policy: On the International Telephone and Telegraph Company and Chile, 1970-71, part 2, p. 526. United States, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973. Available here.

The early best-selling attack on corporations is Sampson, Anthony. The Sovereign State: The Secret History of ITT. United Kingdom, Coronet Books, 1974. A more balanced account is provided by Sobel, Robert. ITT: The Management of Opportunity. United States, Beard Books, 2000. For ITT's activities in Latin America, see various chapters (especially on Chile, Brazil, Argentina, Cuba, and Puerto Rico) in Telecommunications in Latin America. United Kingdom, Oxford University Press, 1998, edited by Eli M. Noam.

You can find the poll - ran by the Daily Beast - here.

A good summary of that conflict between the governor (Leon Brizola) and ITT is provided in Chapter 5 of Leacock, Ruth. Requiem for Revolution: The United States and Brazil, 1961-1969. United Kingdom, Kent State University Press, 1990.

Interestingly, John McCone left us with a memo of a Washington dinner where he discussed the ITT affair with Joao Goulart, Brazil soon-to-be-deposed leader. See United States, Central Intelligence Agency. "Memorandum Prepared by Director of Central Intelligence McCone." Washington, April 4, 1962. Available here. 

Cited in Feldstein, Mark. Poisoning the Press: Richard Nixon, Jack Anderson, and the Rise of Washington's Scandal Culture. United States, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010.

The Church Report: United States, Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations. "Covert Action in Chile, 1963-1973." U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975, p. 12. Link.

Multinational Corporations and United States Foreign Policy: On the International Telephone and Telegraph Company and Chile, 1970-71, part 2, p. 584. United States, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973. Available here.

See United States, Embassy in Chile. "Telegram From the Embassy in Chile to the Department of State." Santiago, September 5, 1970. Available here. The notes about Nixon's annotations are to be found there as well.

See Chapter 1 of Kornbluh, Peter. The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability. United Kingdom, New Press, 2004.

See the summary of ITT's conversation with the CIA: Multinational Corporations and United States Foreign Policy: On the International Telephone and Telegraph Company and Chile, 1970-71, part 2, p. 626. United States, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973. Available here.

See "Letter From John McCone to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger)." Los Angeles, California, September 14, 1970. Link.

See Harmer, Tanya. Beatriz Allende: A Revolutionary Life in Cold War Latin America, p. 161. ITT knew of that visit, most probably due to its CIA connections. The documents in their possession mistakenly refer to Beatriz as Allende's sister. See Multinational Corporations and United States Foreign Policy: On the International Telephone and Telegraph Company and Chile, 1970-71, part 2, p. 698. United States, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973. Available here.

Cited in The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability, p. 25.

See United States, Central Intelligence Agency. "Frei Must Manage Coup Actively." September 28, 1970. Available here. This memo was co-written by David Atlee Philips, who will play an important role in our narrative later on.

Chapter 1 of The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability is an excellent guide to the murky events surrounding Schneider's kidnapping. See also Chapter 6 of González, Mónica. Chile, la conjura: los mil y un días del golpe. Chile, Ediciones B, Group Zeta, 2000.

See United States, National Security Council. "Memorandum of Conversation of a Meeting of the National Security Council." Washington, November 6, 1970. Available here.

See "Backchannel Message From the Ambassador to Chile (Korry) to the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Johnson) and the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger)." Santiago, September 25, 1970. Available here.

On the importance of CORFO-like public enterprises to Latin America's development, see United Nations, Economic Commission for Latin America. "Public Enterprises: Their Present Significance and Their Potential in Development." Economic Bulletin for Latin America, Vol. XVI, No. 1, 1971. Available here.

On CORFO's early history and its relation to Chilean technocracy, see our interview with Patricio Silva.

See our interview with Óscar Guillermo Garretón on how this came about.

On Fernando's early career, see our interviews with him, Bernardo Andrews, and Gabriel Rodriguez.

See Harmer, Tanya. Beatriz Allende: A Revolutionary Life in Cold War Latin America. United States, University of North Carolina Press, 2020, p. 167. Patricia Espejo, Allende's secretary, has confirmed this to us as well. 

Our interview with Joan Garces confirms this. See also the summary of the meeting between Allende and ITT executives in Multinational Corporations and United States Foreign Policy: On the International Telephone and Telegraph Company and Chile, 1970-71, part 2, p. 584. United States, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973. Available here.

For details on this expert, John J. Ragan, see chapter 1 of Wise, David. The American Police State: The Government Against the People. United States, Vintage Books, 1978, p. 23.

See United States, Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research. "Chile: The Leftist Revolutionary Movement." December 7, 1970. Available here.

This is described in Kruijt, Dirk. Cuba and Revolutionary Latin America: An Oral History. United Kingdom, Zed Books, 2017, p. 54. The audio interview with this Castro spy inside ITT (Carlos Amat Forés) is on record with the author.

The classic source on this is Winn, Peter. Weavers of Revolution: The Yarur Workers and Chile's Road to Socialism. United Kingdom, Oxford University Press, 1986.

For SIGMA's engagements in Chile, see this article written by its executives who worked there: Muir, Andrew J., et al. "Operational Research in Chile." Journal of the Operational Research Society, Palgrave Macmillan, Dec. 1964, pp. 303-316. Link. Stafford Beer's archive also contains some materials related to that work in Chile. See Stafford Beer collection, Box 4 and 5, Liverpool.

SIGMA was quite a special place to work. See our interviews with Stafford's colleagues there - John Ludley, Jonathan Rosenhead, John Culhane, Mike Kent, and Gloria Gillott.

The most accessible introduction to Beer's thought is his book that was initially delivered as Massey lectures in Canada - Beer, Stafford. Designing Freedom. United Kingdom, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 1974. You can listen to the lectures here. To learn more about Beer, check our interviews with Trevor Hilder, Andrew Pickering, Angela Espinosa, Robin Asby, Jon Walker, Joe Truss, and Michael Jackson.

For Beer's contacts with Mountbatten, see Stafford Beer collection, Box 6, Liverpool (it includes a photo of them both at a cocktail party).

On Beer's connection to the Maxwells, see our interview with Vanilla Beer. See also Beer's oral history - recorded in 1996 - about his involvement with Operations Research with Rebecca Capey, on file with the author.

Beer's best exposition of his views about management and synergy is to be found in Beer, Stafford. The heart of Enterprise. United Kingdom, Wiley, 1979, p. 203.

Beer mentions his membership in the Committee for the Future of the Battle Tank and several other similar engagements in his oral interview with Roger Harnden and Bernard Scott (on file with the author). SIGMA did some classified work for the Ministry of Defense - see our interview with Gloria Gillot. SIGMA-related files in the Beer archives also contain a report for the military. 

See our interview with Michael Wheeler, who wrote a history of the club: Wheeler, Michael. The Athenaeum: More Than Just Another London Club. United States, Yale University Press, 2020. On the broader significance of the Clubland to the intersection of Britain's scientific, policy, and business elites, see our interviews with David Edgerton and Jon Agar. 

This is from a letter that Stafford sends to Richard Haas, his counsel in Intercounsel. See Beer, Stafford. Beer to Haas. October 14, 1972. Stafford Beer collection, Box 67, Liverpool.