The details of this meeting are recounted in Saenz, Orlando. Testigo privilegiado: anécdotas, curiosidades, revelaciones, indiscresiones y peripecias de un espectador afortunado del pasado reciente. Chile, Arcus editorial, 2017 (see the chapter "Las Fichas del Coronel"). See also González, Mónica. La conjura: los mil y un dias del golpe. Chile, Ediciones Universidad Diego Portales, 2012, p. 136.

The early collaboration between the Chilean economists known as the "Chicago boys" and its business elites are discussed in the "La Veradera Historia del Ladrillo" chapter of the Saenz memoirs cited above, Testigo privilegiado: anécdotas, curiosidades, revelaciones, indiscresiones y peripecias de un espectador afortunado del pasado reciente. For the broader context on the Chicago Boys, see Valdés, Juan Gabriel. Los economistas de Pinochet: La escuela de Chicago en Chile. Chile, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2020.

See "Las Fichas del Coronel" chapter of Testigo privilegiado: anécdotas, curiosidades, revelaciones, indiscresiones y peripecias de un espectador afortunado del pasado reciente. Saenz also gives more details on the colonel in this video interview.

Saenz discusses the collaboration with PyL in Testigo privilegiado: anécdotas, curiosidades, revelaciones, indiscresiones y peripecias de un espectador afortunado del pasado reciente. The literature on PyL includes both memoirs by its former members and scholarly materials. See Fuentes Wendling, Manuel. Memorias secretas de Patria y Libertad: y algunas confesiones sobre la guerra fría en Chile. Chile, Grupo Grijalbo Mondadori, 1999; and Salazar Salvo, Manuel. Roberto Thieme: el rebelde de patria y libertad. Chile, Editorial Mare Nostrum, 2007.

See the following cable by Nathaniel Davis, then the US ambassador: United States, State Department, Embassy in Chile. "Patria y Libertad." December 23, 1971. Available here.

For the chronology of events surrounding Allende's takeover of ITT’s local subsidiary in September 1971, see Multinational Corporations and United States Foreign Policy: On the International Telephone and Telegraph Company and Chile, 1970-71, part 2, p. 922-925. United States, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973. Available here.

Stafford Beer's extensive discussion of this concept can be found in Beer, Stafford. "Reflections of a Cybernetician on the Practice of Planning." Kybernetes, Emerald Publishing Limited, June 1991. Link.

Stafford Beer discusses this idea in the following article: Beer, Stafford. "The Liberty Machine." Futures, vol. 3, no. 4, Elsevier BV, Dec. 1971, pp. 338–48. Link.

For the impact of increased worker participation on innovation in Allende’s Chile, see Zimbalist, Andrew S., and Espinosa, Juan G.. Economic Democracy: Workers' Participation in Chilean Industry, 1970-1973. United Kingdom, Academic Press, 1981.

Technically, that name, Cybersyn, becomes operational a few months later after Stafford's initial visit. The initial references are to Project Cyberstride.

This is from Beer, Stafford. Project Cyberstride memo. November, 1971. Stafford Beer collection, Box 56, Liverpool.

Medina, Eden. Cybernetic Revolutionaries: Technology and Politics in Allende's Chile. United Kingdom, MIT Press, 2014.

See "Transcript of a Telephone Conversation Between President Nixon and the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs." Washington, October 12, 1971. Available here.

The observer in question is columnist Walter Lippmann. See this interesting article on the episode: Zahniser, Marvin R., and W. Michael Weis. "A Diplomatic Pearl Harbor? Richard Nixon’s Goodwill Mission to Latin America in 1958." Diplomatic History, vol. 13, no. 2, Oxford UP, Apr. 1989, pp. 163–90. Link.

Nixon provided a detailed account of the whole affair in his memoirs. See the "Caracas" chapter of his book: Nixon, Richard. Six Crises. United Kingdom, Simon & Schuster, 2013.

I’m paraphrasing the famous saying by José Figueres, the former president of Costa Rica, who said, "they spat on Nixon because one cannot spit on foreign policy." 

On Whitman, see Ruiz-Tagle, Diana Veneros. Salvador Allende: Anatomy of a Leadership. Brandeis University, 1998, PhD dissertation, p. 149. Available here. 

On Westerns, see Espejo Brain, Patricia. Allende inédito: Memorias de la Secretaría Privada de La Moneda. Chile, Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial Chile, 2020.

Allende's words to commemorate FDR's death were: "The highest human value of the twentieth century has disappeared, the most solid guarantee for the small countries, especially for South America." Cited in Rock, David, ed. Latin America in the 1940s: War and Postwar Transitions. United States, University of California Press, 2021, p.121.

The letter can be found here.

There have been a number of recent Spanish-language studies of INTEC. In particular, see Palmarola, Hugo. "Productos y Socialismo: Diseño Industrial Estatal en Chile." 1973. La vida cotidiana de un año crucial, Editorial Planeta, 2003, pp. 225-295. Available here; also see Portal Carrasco, Fernando. Bienes públicos : recreación de un archivo sobre diseño y política en Chile : INTEC 1970-1973. Chile, Consejo Nacional de la Cultura y las Artes, 2018. The introductory essay is available here.

On the broader significance of Ulm and its fascination with cybernetics, see our interview with Gui Bonsiepe. Also see our interviews with David Maulen and David Oswald. 

Some of these projects are described in Gui Bonsiepe's books, one in German and one in Italian, published shortly after his Chilean experience: Bonsiepe, Gui. Designtheorie. Beiträge zur Entwicklung von Theorie und Praxis des Industrial Design. Germany, Red. Designtheorie, 1974; and Bonsiepe, Gui. Teoria e pratica del disegno industriale: elementi per una manualistica critica. Italy, Feltrinelli, 1983.

The lobster anecdote was related by Raul Espejo in one of our many interviews. 

Stafford Beer recounts the experience of meeting Allende in the Chilean chapters of the second edition of Beer, Stafford. Brain of the firm. United Kingdom, John Wiley, 1981; his interpreter in that meeting, Roberto Cañete, recounts that meeting in a video that is available here. 

The memo appears in the appendix to the Senate proceedings. See Multinational Corporations and United States Foreign Policy: On the International Telephone and Telegraph Company and Chile, 1970-71, part 2, p 939-942. United States, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973. Available here.

The letter is mentioned in the Church Report. See United States, Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations. "Covert Action in Chile, 1963-1973." U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975, p. 38. Available here.

Eduardo Labarca recounted this to us in an interview. He was told this by Gladys Martin, then the leader of Chile’s Communist Youth, who was on the receiving end of Castro’s ire. See also the account of the incident in Labarca’s book on Allende, Part IV, Chapter 7: Labarca, Eduardo. Salvador Allende: Biografía sentimental. Chile, Editorial Catalonia, 2017.

See the following document from David H. Stebbing: United States, State Department, Embassy in Ecuador. "Pass On Highlights Of A Conversation With Townley, Whom I Visited In Miami." October 17, 1973. Available here.

The story of the tapes of the wiretapped conversations also appears in Fuentes Wendling, Manuel. Memorias secretas de Patria y Libertad: y algunas confesiones sobre la guerra fría en Chile. Chile, Grupo Grijalbo Mondadori, 1999, p. 130. The book is available here.

For an in-depth discussion of the opposition from middle- and upper-class women to Allende and UP in general, see Power, Margaret. Right-Wing Women in Chile: Feminine Power and the Struggle Against Allende, 1964-1973. Pennsylvania State University Press, 2010.

The work of Marcelo Casals covers this in great depth. See Casals, Marcelo. "The Insurrection of the Middle Class: Social Mobilization and Counterrevolution During the Popular Unity Government, Chile, 1970–1973." Journal of Social History, vol. 54, no. 3, Oxford UP, Nov. 2019, pp. 944–69, available here; and Casals, Marcelo. "The Chilean Counter-revolution: Roots, Dynamics and Legacies of Mass Mobilisation Against the Unidad Popular." Radical Americas, vol. 6, no. 1, UCL Press, Jan. 2021, available here.

A reference to the war room discussion appears in Stafford Beer’s notes from his first days in Chile. See notepad files in Stafford Beer collection, Box 55, Liverpool.

For Stafford Beer's critique of the traditional planning paradigm, see his essay "The Aborting Corporate Plan" (Beer, Stafford. "The aborting corporate plan: a cybernetic account of the interface planning and action." Perspectives of planning: proceedings of the OECD working symposium on long-range forecasting and planning, Bellagio, 1969). The collection is available here.

Cited in Haslam, Jonathan. The Nixon Administration and the Death of Allende's Chile: A Case of Assisted Suicide. United Kingdom, Verso Books, 2005, p. 31.

In his memoirs, Orlando Saenz writes of 72 people. Saenz, Orlando. Testigo privilegiado: anécdotas, curiosidades, revelaciones, indiscresiones y peripecias de un espectador afortunado del pasado reciente. Chile, Arcus editorial, 2017, p. 59.

Accessible book-length introductions to the Brazilian coup can be found in Leacock, Ruth. Requiem for Revolution: The United States and Brazil, 1961-1969. United Kingdom, Kent State University Press, 1990; and Sá Motta, Rodrigo Patto. A Present Past: The Brazilian Military Dictatorship and the 1964 Coup. United Kingdom, Liverpool University Press, 2022 (see also our interview with him).

The literature on the CIA’s influence on Latin America’s labor unions is vast. For the most recent and in-depth perspective, see Corrêa, Larissa Rosa. Anti-Communist Solidarity: US-Brazilian Labor Relations During the Dictatorship in Cold-War Brazil (1964-1985). Austria, De Gruyter, 2021; and Corrêa, Larissa Rosa. "Looking at the Southern Cone: American Trade Unionism in the Cold War Military Dictatorships of Brazil and Argentina." International Review of Social History, vol. 62, no. S25, Cambridge UP, Dec. 2017, pp. 245–69. Link.

See this memorandum by Henry Kissinger: United States, State Department. "Meeting with President Emilio Garrastazu Medici of Brazil on Thursday, December 9, 1971, at 10:00 a.m., in the President's 
Office, the White House." December 9, 1971. Available here; for other memoranda in that vein, please see this page of The National Security Archive.

Cited in Harmer, Tanya. Allende’s Chile and the Inter-American Cold War. United States, University of North Carolina Press, 2011, p. 129.

I’m referring to IPES and its Situational Analysis Group (Grupo de Levantamento da Conjuntura) then headed by retired general Golbery do Couto e Silva. See Chapter 6 of Leacock, Ruth. Requiem for Revolution: The United States and Brazil, 1961-1969. United Kingdom, Kent State University Press, 1990. See also this article: Ramirez, Hernán. "Empresários e política no Brasil: o Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas e Sociais (IPES), 1961-1971." Diálogos, 2009, 209 - 240. Available here.

For an expansive discussion of the term "invisible blockade," see this classic NACLA report: "III. The Invisible Blockade." NACLA’s Latin America & Empire Report, vol. 7, no. 1, Taylor and Francis, Jan. 1973, pp. 15–23, available here. 

All these provocations are mentioned in the following article: Domínguez, Jorge. "The @#$%& Missile Crisis: (or, What Was"Cuban" About U.S. Decisions During the Cuban Missile Crisis?)." Diplomatic History, vol. 24, no. 2, Oxford UP, Apr. 2000, pp. 305–15. Available here.

For more on Operation Mongoose, see Husain, Aiyaz. "Covert Action and US Cold War Strategy in Cuba, 1961–62." Cold War History, Taylor and Francis, Feb. 2005, 23-53, available here.

See Wise, David, and Ross, Thomas B.. The Invisible Government. United Kingdom, Random House, 1964, p. 335.

See Multinational Corporations and United States Foreign Policy: On the International Telephone and Telegraph Company and Chile, 1970-71, part 2, pp. 989-992. United States, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973. Available here.